What is HTML Language?

• HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. 

 

• HTML was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. 

• The first ever version of HTML was HTML 1.0 but the first standard version was HTML 2.0 which was published in 1999. 

 

• It allows the user to create and structure sections, paragraphs, headings, links, and blockquotes for web pages and applications.

 

• HTML is a computer language devised to allow website creation.

 

• These websites can then be viewed by anyone else connected to the Internet. 

 

• It is relatively easy to learn, with the basics being accessible to most people in one sitting; and quite powerful in what it allows you to create.  

 

• HTML is the combination of Hypertext and Markup language.

 

•  Hypertext defines the link between the web pages. Markup language is used to define the text document within tag which defines the structure of web pages. 

 

• This language is used to annotate (make notes for the computer) text so that a machine can understand it and manipulate text accordingly. 

 

• Most of markup (e.g. HTML) languages are human readable. Language uses tags to define what manipulation has to be done on the text.

 

• HTML is a markup language which is used by the browser to manipulate text, images and other content to display it in required format. 

How Does HTML Work?

• HTML documents are files that end with a .html or .htm extension. You can view then using any web browser (such as Google Chrome, Safari, or Mozilla Firefox). The browser reads the HTML file and renders its content so that internet users can view it.

 

• Usually, the average website includes several different HTML pages. For instance: home pages, about pages, contact pages would all have separate HTML documents.

 

• Each HTML page consists of a set of tags (also called elements), which you can refer to as the building blocks of web pages. They create a hierarchy that structures the content into sections, paragraphs, headings, and other content blocks.

 

• Most HTML elements have an opening and a closing that use the <tag></tag> syntax.

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Explain Architecture Of .Net Framework

• .NET is a framework to develop software applications. It is designed and developed by Microsoft and the first beta version released in 2000.
• It is used to develop applications for web, Windows, phone. Moreover, it provides a broad range of functionalities and support.

·The .NET Framework is composed of four main components:

1)Common Language Runtime (CLR)

2)Framework Class Library (FCL),

3)Core Languages (WinForms, ASP.NET, and ADO.NET)

4)Other Modules (WCF, WPF, WF, Card Space, LINQ, Entity Framework, Parallel LINQ, Task Parallel Library, etc.)

1. CLR (Common Language Runtime)

• It is a program execution engine that loads and executes the program. 
• It converts the program into native code.
• It acts as an interface between the framework and operating system. 
• It does exception handling, memory management, and garbage collection. Moreover, it provides security, type-safety, interoperability, and portablility. 

A list of CLR components are given below:

• CLR is the basic and Virtual Machine component of the .NET Framework.
• It is the run-time enviornment in the .NET Framework that runs the codes and helps in making the development process easier by providing the various services.

2)FCL (Framework Class Library)

• it is a standard library that is a collection of thousands of classes and used to build an application. The BCL (Base Class Library) is the core of the FCL and provides basic functionalities.

It contains thousands of classes that supports the following functions.

• Base and user-defined data types
• Support for exceptions handling
• input/output and stream operations
• Communications with the underlying system
• Access to data
• Ability to create Windows-based GUI applications
• Ability to create web-client and server applications
• Support for creating web services

3) MSIL:-

• Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) is a language used as the output of a number of compilers (C#, VB, .NET, and so forth).

• In the traditional compilation process, the executable file is binary and can be executed by the operating system immediately.

• However, in the managed environment of .NET, the file produced by the compiler (the C# compiler in our case) is not an executable binary.

• Instead, it is an assembly, which contains metadata and intermediate language (IL) code.

• The C# compiler produces IL as part of an assembly’s output.

• This is the responsibility of the JIT compiler.

• The JIT compiler only compiles code before the first time that it executes.

• After the IL is compiled to machine code by the JIT compiler, the CLR holds the compiled code in a working set.

4)CLS:-

• CLS stands for Common Language Specification and it is a subset of CTS.

•  It defines a set of rules and restrictions that every language must follow which runs under the .NET framework.

• The languages which follow these set of rules are said to be CLS Compliant.

• In simple words, CLS enables cross-language integration or Interoperability.

• Common Language Specification (CLS) defines the rules and standards to which languages on dotnet platform must adhere to in order to be compatible with other .

• NET languages. Because of CLS in CLR it enables C# developers to inherit from classes defined in VB.NET or other .NET compatible languages.

• This is one big advantage working with CLR environment and dotnet languages.

5)CTS:-

• CTS stands for Common Type System. It defines the rules which Common Language Runtime follows when declaring, using, and managing types.

The common type system performs the following functions:

1. It enables cross-language integration, type safety, and high-performance code execution.
2. It provides an object-oriented model for the implementation of many programming languages.
3. It defines rules that every language must follow which runs under .NET framework. It ensures that objects written in different .NET languages like C#, VB.NET, F# etc. can interact with each other.

• The common type system defines how types are declared, used, and managed in the common language runtime, and is also an important part of the runtime's support for cross-language integration.

• Common Type System (CTS) is a standard that specifies how type definitions and specific values of types are represented in computer memory.

• It is intended to allow programs written in different programming languages to easily share information

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Advantage and Disadvantage of android Language?

Advantages Android

• Android Is More Customizable Can change almost anything.
• In Android, any new publication can be done easily and without any review process
• Use a Different Messaging App for SMS
• Android Offers an Open Platform
• Easy access to the Android App Market
• Cost Effective
• Upcoming versions have a support to save RAW images
• Built in Beta Testing and staged rollout
• Native integration with Google cloud storage. 15GB free, $2/mo for 100GB, 1TB for $10. Apps available for Amazon Photos, OneDrive and Dropbox.
• Booming Job Prospects

Disadvantages Android

• Usually you need more code on Java than Objective-C.
• Complex layouts and animations are harder to code in Android.
• Applications contains virus also present in Android Market
• A lot of “process” in the background that lead to the battery quickly drains.
• Advertise , will always be ads on display, either the top or bottom of the application.
• Low security and fake apps can be installed to steal your info from unknown resources
• High device fragmentation

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What is Android Language?

• Android OS uses touch inputs to manipulate on the screen objects, It uses the virtual keyboard, It was designed for touch screen input, it has been used by in-game equipment, the cameras, PC’s and other electronic devices.

• It is the most widely used operating system, It is the highest-selling mobile operating system nowadays, Over 1 billion users already using this operating system mobile, This is open source and anyone can use to build the applications.

• Android is an open source and Linux-based operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers.

•  Android was developed by the Open Handset Alliance, led by Google, and other companies. This tutorial will teach you basic Android programming and will also take you through some advance concepts related to Android application development.

• Android is a complete set of software for mobile devices such as tablet computers, notebooks, smartphones, electronic book readers, set-top boxes etc.

• It contains a linux-based Operating System, middleware and key mobile applications.

• It can be thought of as a mobile operating system. But it is not limited to mobile only. 

• It is currently used in various devices such as mobiles, tablets, televisions etc.

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Advantage and Disadvantage of C++ Language?

Advantages of C++

1. Portability

C++ offers the feature of portability or platform independence which allows the user to run the same program on different operating systems or interfaces at ease.

Suppose you write a program in LINUX OS and for some apparent reason you switch to Windows OS, you would be able to run the same program in windows as well without any error. This feature proves to be of great convenience to the programmer.

2. Object-oriented

One of the biggest advantages of C++ is the feature of object-oriented programming which includes concepts like classes, inheritance, polymorphism, data abstraction, and encapsulation that allow code reusability and makes a program even more reliable.

Not only this, it helps us deal with real-world problems by treating data as an object. C lacked this feature and hence it was created, proving to be of great significance.

3. Multi-paradigm

C++ is a multi-paradigm programming language. The term “Paradigm” refers to the style of programming. It includes logic, structure, and procedure of the program. Generic, imperative, and object-oriented are three paradigms of C++.

Let us now try to understand what generic programming means. Generic programming refers to the use of a single idea to serve several purposes. Imperative programming, on the other hand, refers to the use of statements that change a program’s state.

4. Low-level Manipulation

Since C++ is closely associated with C, which is a procedural language closely related to the machine language, C++ allows low-level manipulation of data at a certain level. Embedded systems and compiler are created with the help of C++.

5. Memory Management

C++ gives the programmer the provision of total control over memory management. This can be considered both as an asset and a liability as this increases the responsibility of the user to manage memory rather than it being managed by the Garbage collector. This concept is implemented with the help of DMA (Dynamic memory allocation) using pointers.

6. Large Community Support

C++ has a large community that supports it by providing online courses and lectures, both paid and unpaid. Statistically speaking, C++ is the 6th most used and followed tag on StackOverflow and GitHub.

7. Compatibility with C

C++ is pretty much compatible with C. Virtually, every error-free C program is a valid C++ program. Depending on the compiler used, every program of C++ can run on a file with .cpp extension.

8. Scalability

Scalability refers to the ability of a program to scale. It means that the C++ program is capable of running on a small scale as well as a large scale of data. We can also build applications that are resource intensive.

Disadvantages of C++

1. Use of Pointers

Pointers in C/C++ are a relatively difficult concept to grasp and it consumes a lot of memory. Misuse of pointers like wild pointers may cause the system to crash or behave anomalously.

2. Security Issue

Although object-oriented programming offers a lot of security to the data being handled as compared to other programming languages that are not object-oriented, like C, certain security issues still exist due to the availability of friend functions, global variables and, pointers.

3. Absence of Garbage Collector

As discussed earlier, C++ gives the user complete control of managing the computer memory using DMA. C++ lacks the feature of a garbage collector to automatically filter out unnecessary data.

4. Absence of Built-in Thread

C++ does not support any built-in threads. Threads is a relatively new concept in C++ which wasn’t initially there. Now, C++ is capable of supporting lambda functions.

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Advantage and Disadvantage of C Language?

1. Advantages of C Programming Language

1.1. Building block for many other programming languages

C is considered to be the most fundamental language that needs to be studied if you are beginning with any programming language. Many programming languages such as Python, C++, Java, etc are built with the base of the C language.

1.2. Powerful and efficient language

C is a robust language as it contains many data types and operators to give you a vast platform to perform all kinds of operations.

1.3. Portable language

C is very flexible, or we can say machine independent that helps you to run your code on any machine without making any change or just a few changes in the code.

1.4. Built-in functions

There are only 32 keywords in ANSI C, having many built-in functions. These functions are helpful when building a program in C.

1.5. Quality to extend itself

Another crucial ability of C is to extend itself. We have already studied that the C language has its own set of functions in the C library. So, it becomes easy to use these functions. We can add our own functions to the C Standard Library and make code simpler.

1.6. Structured programming language

C is structure-based. It means that the issues or complex problems are divided into smaller blocks or functions. This modular structure helps in easier and simpler testing and maintenance.

1.7. Middle-level language

C is a middle-level programming language that means it supports high-level programming as well as low-level programming. It supports the use of kernels and drivers in low-level programming and also supports system software applications in the high-level programming language.

1.8. Implementation of algorithms and data structures

The use of algorithms and data structures in C has made program computations very fast and smooth. Thus, the C language can be used in complex calculations and operations such as MATLAB.

1.9. Procedural programming language

C follows a proper procedure for its functions and subroutines. As it uses procedural programming, it becomes easier for C to identify code structure and to solve any problem in a specific series of code. In procedural programming C variables and functions are declared before use.

1.10. Dynamic memory allocation

C provides dynamic memory allocation that means you are free to allocate memory at run time. For example, if you don’t know how much memory is required by objects in your program, you can still run a program in C and assign the memory at the same time.

1.11. System-programming

C follows a system based programming system. It means the programming is done for the hardware devices.

2. Disadvantages of C Programming language

1. Concept of OOPs

C is a very vast language, but it does not support the concept of OOPs (Inheritance, Polymorphism, Encapsulation, Abstraction, Data Hiding). C simply follows the procedural programming approach.

2. Run-time checking

In the C programming language, the errors or the bugs aren’t detected after each line of code. Instead, the compiler shows all the errors after writing the program. It makes the checking of code very complex in large programs.

3. Concept of namespace

C does not implement the concept of namespaces. A namespace is structured as a chain of commands to allow the reuse of names in different contexts. Without namespaces, we cannot declare two variables of the same name.

But, C programming lacks in this feature, and hence you cannot define a variable with the same name in C.

4. Lack of Exception Handling

Exception Handling is one of the most important features of programming languages. While compiling the code, various anomalies and bugs can occur. Exception Handling allows you to catch the error and take appropriate responses. However, C does not exhibit this important feature.

5. Constructor or destructor

C does not have any constructor or destructor.

Constructors & Destructors support basic functionality of Object Oriented Programming. Both are member functions that are created as soon as an object of the class is created. You will be studying constructor and destructor in detail later on.

6. Low level of abstraction

C is a small and core machine language that has minimum data hiding and exclusive visibility that affects the security of this language.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of java language?

1. Advantages of Java

There are some major advantages of Java; let’s see them.

1.1 Simple

Java is straightforward to use, write, compile, debug, and learn than alternative programming languages. Java is less complicated than C++; as a result, Java uses automatic memory allocation and garbage collection.

1.2 Object-Oriented

It permits you to form standard programs and reusable code.

1.3 Platform-Independent

Java code runs on any machine that doesn’t need any special software to be installed, but the JVM needs to be present on the machine.

1.4 Distributed computing

Distributed computing involves several computers on a network working together. It helps in developing applications on networks that can contribute to both data and application functionality.

1.5 Secure

Java has no explicit pointer. Apart from this, it has a security manager that defines the access of classes.

1.6 Memory allocation

In Java, memory is divided into two parts one is heap and another is stack. Whenever we declare a variable JVM gives memory from either stack or heap space. It helps to keep the information and restore it easily.

1.7 Multithreaded

It has the potential for a program to perform many tasks at the same time.

2. Disadvantages of Java

2.1 Performance

Java is memory-consuming and significantly slower than natively compiled languages such as C or C++.

2.2 Look and Feel

The default look of GUI applications written in Java using the Swing toolkit is very different from native applications.

2.3 Single-Paradigm Language

Static imports were added in Java 5.0. The procedural paradigm is better accommodated than in earlier versions of Java.

2.4 Memory Management

In Java, Memory is managed through garbage collection, whenever the garbage collector runs, it affects the performance of the application. This is because all other threads in the have to be stopped to allow the garbage collector thread to work.

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What is Java Programming Language?

Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since been acquired by Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems’ Java platform. 

Java is a powerful general-purpose programming language.

 It is used to develop desktop and mobile applications, big data processing, embedded systems, and so on.

 According to Oracle, the company that owns Java, Java runs on 3 billion devices worldwide, which makes Java one of the most popular programming languages.

Java is a general-purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.

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Advantage and Disadvantages of Python Language?

Advantages of Python

Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.

1. Extensive Libraries

Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes like regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers, threading, databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to write the complete code for that manually.

2. Extensible

As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write some of your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in projects.

3. Embeddable

Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your Python code in your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us add scripting capabilities to our code in the other language.

4. Improved Productivity

The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more productive than languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to write less and get more things done.

5. IOT Opportunities

Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future bright for the Internet Of Things. This is a way to connect the language with the real world.

6. Simple and Easy

When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’. But in Python, just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn, understand, and code. This is why when people pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to other more verbose languages like Java.

7. Readable

Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading English. This is the reason why it is so easy to learn, understand, and code. It also does not need curly braces to define blocks, and indentation is mandatory. This further aids the readability of the code.

8. Object-Oriented

This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms. While functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us model the real world. A class allows the encapsulation of data and functions into one.

9. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download Python for free, but you can also download its source code, make changes to it, and even distribute it. It downloads with an extensive collection of libraries to help you with your tasks.

10. Portable

When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some changes to it if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with Python. Here, you need to code only once, and you can run it anywhere. This is called Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA). However, you need to be careful enough not to include any system-dependent features.

11. Interpreted

Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed one by one, debugging is easier than in compiled languages.

Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the comment section.

Advantages of Python Over Other Languages

1. Less Coding

Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same task is done in other languages. Python also has an awesome standard library support, so you don’t have to search for any third-party libraries to get your job done. This is the reason that many people suggest learning Python to beginners.

2. Affordable

Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can leverage the free available resources to build applications. Python is popular and widely used so it gives you better community support.

3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows. Programmers need to learn different languages for different jobs but with Python, you can professionally build web apps, perform data analysis and machine learning, automate things, do web scraping and also build games and powerful visualizations. It is an all-rounder programming language.

Disadvantages of Python

So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose it, you should be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of choosing Python over another language.

1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is interpreted, it often results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless speed is a focal point for the project. In other words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits offered by Python are enough to distract us from its speed limitations.

2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on the client-side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based applications. One such application is called Carbonnelle.

The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t that secure.

3. Design Restrictions

As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to declare the type of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s that? Well, it just means that if it looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the programmers during coding, it can raise run-time errors.

4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database access layers are a bit underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less often applied in huge enterprises.

5. Simple

No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my example. I don’t do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so simple that the verbosity of Java code seems unnecessary.

6.Not Memory Efficient

To provide simplicity to the developer, Python has to do a little tradeoff. The Python programming language uses a large amount of memory. This can be a disadvantage while building applications when we prefer memory optimization.

7.Runtime Errors

As we know Python is a dynamically typed language so the data type of a variable can change anytime. A variable containing integer number may hold a string in the future, which can lead to Runtime Errors. Therefore Python programmers need to perform thorough testing of the applications.

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